[2] “So Goes New Hampshire,” Life, March 10, 1952, pgs. 25-29.

[3] Michael Dobbs, “Hillary’s Balkan Adventures, Part II,” Washington Post, March 21, 2008.

[4]  James Estrin, “Photographing Politics in Changing Times,” The Lens, New York Times online, January 10, 2012.

[5] Charles Hagen, a critic who often wrote about photography, penned a very perceptive general essay about the campaign images in New Hampshire presidential campaign of 1990.  See “The Photo Op:  Making Icons or Playing Politics,” New York Times, February 9, 1990, Section 2, p. 1.  See also Hagen’s review of an equally unusual exhibition of American political photography displayed at the Metropolitan Museum of Modern Art in New York, “Photography Review; Uneasy Poses along Campaign Trails of the Past,” New York Times, October 21, 1994, p. C27.

[6] See Arthur Grace’s collected photographs of the presidential candidates who ran in the 1988 primaries:  Choose Me:  Portraits of a Presidential Race, Hanover, NH:  Newsweek/University Press of New England, 1989.  As the subtitle suggests, the election is depicted in portraits of the candidates.

[7]  Lawrence Mullen has done a couple of longitudinal studies of the ways in which American presidents have been pictured in newspapers.  He identified several patterns in these news magazine photos, one concerning the angles, the other the distance from which these leaders have been shot.   In his study titled, “The President’s Visual Image from 1945 to 1974:  An Analysis of Spatial Configuration in News Magazine Photographs,” (Presidential Studies Quarterly, v. 27, pgs. 819-39, Fall 1997) he examines the historical record for a relatively stable pattern of depictions shot at eye level.  The only variation in this pattern he attributes to the development of new technologies that enable the camera to be held above the photographer’s head (rather than fixed on a tripod) and still obtain focused, unblurred images.  In “Close-ups of the President:  Photojournalistic Distance from 1945 to 1974,” (Visual Communication Quarterly, 1555-1407, 5:2, 1998, pgs. 4-10.)  Mullen points to the advent of the rapidly focused, long lens cameras to account for the uptick in close-ups of the presidents, beginning with Nixon.

[8]  The candidate’s face stands for the candidate (and his or her policies) in a metonymic relationship of part for whole just as the candidate’s name may stand for his or her policies, as in ‘Reaganomics.’  Among the candidate’s facial features none is so indicative, so telling, as the eyes.  ‘Looking a candidate square in the eyes’ is often said by citizens to be the best window on character.  In this way the candidate’s eyes are also metonymic.  However, it goes without saying, that ‘the work’ of the candidate is usually portrayed as an act of public speech with a heavy emphasis upon the candidate’s mouth.

[9] Larsen took photographs of Republican candidate Harold Stassen, as well as ones of Democrat Estes Kefauver, but they were not published.

[10] Jackson proved extremely valuable as an advisor.  He lent one of his text editors, Emmet Hughes, to the Eisenhower campaign at a key moment.  Hughes is credited with writing the “I will go to Korea” speech which many observers felt sealed the election victory for Eisenhower.  See Sherman Adams, Firsthand Report:  The Story of the Eisenhower Administration, New York:  Harper & Brothers, 1961, p. 42.

[11] See Edward K. Thompson, A Love Affair with Life & Smithsonian, Columbia:  University of Missouri, 1995, p.183.

[12] Adams’ role in aiding the election of Eisenhower will be rewarded.  He will become the chief of staff for the new President, a precedent repeated 36 years later when New Hampshire Governor John Sununu helped elect the elder President George Bush.  Sununu subsequently served as the chief of staff in the new administration.   In Adams’ case the job promotion would lead to scandal (for accepting gifts from a corrupt businessman) and resignation.  In Sununu’s case the job also led to scandal (over the personal use of government jets) and resignation.

[13]  See Frank M. Bryan’s, Real Democracy:  The New England Town Meeting and How It Works, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004, for a thorough study of Vermont town meetings; participation, historical evolution, format, etc.

[14] See Philip Kennecott, ‘When Town Halls Go Viral, There’s Sickness in the Air,’ Washington Post, August 14, 2009.

[15] See Patricia Vettle-Becker’s rewarding study, Shooting from the Hip:  Photography, Masculinity, and Postwar America,  Minneapolis:  University of Minnesota Press, 2005, pgs 12- 14

[16] David Bradley, No Place to Hide, Boston:  Little, Brown, 1948.